HP小栗上野介の寺・東善寺　　●●　　　「トミーポルカ」「トミービール」・遣米使節の少年通訳立石斧次郎 Tozenji Temple, the temple of Kozukenosuke Oguri ●● "Tommy Polka" and "Tommy Beer" - Onojiro Tateishi, a boy interpreter of the mission to the U.S in 1860

トミー・立石斧次郎 Onojiro Tommy Tateishi
トミーポルカ Tommy Polka
◇トミーこと立石斧次郎をテーマとしたポルカです。 斧次郎は1７歳で遣米使節の無給の通訳見習いとして随行し、乗艦ポウハタン号で物おじしない好奇心を発揮してアメリカ水兵と交わるうち、「トミ―」と呼ばれるようになった。アメリカ上陸後「英語を話せる日本の若いプリンスがいる！」と新聞が書き立てたことから大人気となって、ワシントン―ボルチモア‐フィラデルフィア―ニューヨークと、行く先々の街で大歓迎を受けました。 ◇ニューヨークで音楽家チャールズグローブが作曲したのが「トミーポルカ」で、当時のアメリカの雰囲気を伝えます。音楽的には日本人を連想させるようなメロディーは、日米交流が始まったばかりのことで望むべくもありませんが、軽快なメロディーを聴いていると、アメリカで大フィーバーした日本の若者の姿が見えるようです。 ■群馬マンドリン楽団定期演奏会で「トミーポルカ」を演奏しました。２００８平成２０年１１月２４日、前橋市民文化会館大ホール。　詳しくはこちら「記念演奏会」 ■毎年５月、高崎市倉渕町の小栗まつりで群馬マンドリン楽団が演奏しています。 　CD(2008年４月カザルスホールで演奏・録音)もあります。　 ■　高原守指揮のニューヨークシンフォニック・アンサンブルが演奏する「トミーポルカ」。（ニューヨーク日本領事館のページにリンク。 　同じくユーチューブ版はこちらから。 ■アメリカをとりこにしたアイドル・トミー…静岡放送６０周年記念ラジオドキュメンタリー・２０１２平成２４年２月２６日放送　　 ■ピアノ曲の「トミーポルカ」ユーチューブ（リンク） ◇ The theme of this polka is Onojiro Tateishi, aka Tommy. At the age of 16, he accompanied the Japanese envoys to the U.S. in 1860 as an unpaid interpreter's apprentice, and as he interacted with American sailors aboard the Powhatan, he became known as "Tommy." After landing in the U.S., newspapers reported that there was a young Japanese prince who could speak English, and he became very popular, receiving a great welcome in Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. ◇The Tommy Polka" was composed by musician Charles Grobe in New York and conveys the atmosphere of America at that time. Musically, there is no way to hope for a melody that would remind us of the Japanese, as the exchange between Japan and the U.S. had just started, but listening to the light melody, we can see the Japanese youth who had a big fever in the U.S. ■ On November 24, 2008, the Gunma Mandolin Orchestra performed "Tommy Polka" at the regular concert in the Main Hall of Maebashi Civic Cultural Hall. For more information, click "Memorial Concert." ■ Every year in May, the Gunma Mandolin Band performs "Tommy Polka" at the Oguri Festival in Kurabuchi-cho, Takasaki City. A CD (performed and recorded at Casals Hall in April 2008) is also available for the price of 1,500 yen at Tozenji Temple. ■ "Tommy Polka" performed by the New York Symphonic Ensemble under the direction of Mamoru Takahara (Link to the page of the Japanese Consulate in New York): Its Yutube version is also available. . ■ Tommy, the idol who captivated America... Radio documentary commemorating the 60th anniversary of Shizuoka Broadcasting System, broadcast on February 26, 2012.　　 ■ The piano piece "Tommy Polka" on You Tube (link)
トミーという人物 A man called Tommy
名前が八つもある・・・・・・ ◇立石斧次郎は、１８６０万延元年の遣米使節に「給料はいらないから…」と通訳見習として１６歳で随行し、その好奇心と物おじせず奔放にふるまう態度から、アメリカ女性に「トミー」と呼ばれる人気者となりました。 ◇トミーは日光奉行などを務めた小花和度正（こばなわなりまさ）の二男に生まれ、本名小花和斧次郎（おのじろう） 。　　（コバナワは高崎市小塙の地名。先祖は最後の上州箕輪城主長野業盛の義弟で、長野氏が武田に滅ぼされたのち、小塙に住んで小花和姓を名乗っていた） 　ほかにも名前がたくさんあって、 ・幼時に体が弱くて松戸の豪農横尾家に預けられて・・・・・横尾為八 ・元気に育って母方の米田家に養子に出て・・・・・・米田（こめだ）斧次郎 ・米田家の親戚のオランダ通詞立石得十郎に連れ歩かれて外国人と接触し遣米使節にも随行して・・・立石斧次郎 ・アメリカでのニックネームが・・・・・・トミー（為八→為→トミー　と言われている） ・帰国後はまた・・・・・・米田斧次郎 ・そして・・・・・・米田桂次郎 ・戊辰戦争で戦い明治新政府のお尋ね者となったので、明治以後は遠祖（箕輪城主長野氏・高崎市）の姓になって・・・長野桂次郎、（岩倉米欧視察団通訳も長野桂次郎で参加） ・・・と、書いてるだけでも目が回る変転ぶり。 ◇「小栗上野介日記」によると、「米田桂次郎」の名で何度か駿河台の小栗家を訪れています。 　 ◇下の「サムライビール」の写真左の兄重太郎は、このあと戊辰戦争の宇都宮付近（栃木県壬生町）の戦いで、慶応４年４月２４日戦死しています。 Tommy had eight names... ◇ At the age of 16, Onojiro Tateishi accompanied the Japanese mission to the United States in 1860 as an apprentice interpreter, saying, "I don't need to be paid..." His curiosity and unrestrained attitude made him popular among American women, who called him "Tommy." ◇ Tommy was born the second son of Narimasa Kobanawa, who served as a magistrate in Nikko, and his real name was Onojiro Kobanawa.　　 (Kobanawa is the name of a place, Kobanawa in Takasaki City, Gunma prefecture. An ancestor of Kobanawa family was the brother-in-law of Narimori Nagano, the last lord of Minowa Castle. After the Nagano clan was destroyed by the Takeda army, the ancestor lived in Kobanawa and took the family name of Kobanawa.) He also had many other names such as: - Tamehachi Yokoo: He was left in the care of the Yokoo family, a wealthy farmer in Matsudo (of today's Chiba prefecture) because of his weakness as a child. - Onojiro Komeda: He grew up healthy and was adopted by the Koneda family on his mother's side. - Onojiro Tateishi: Tokujuro Tateishi, a relative of the Koneda family, took him around to meet foreigners and accompanied him on the Japanese mission to the United States in 1860. - Tommy: It was his nickname in America. - Onojiro Komeda: After returning to Japan, he used this name again. - Keijiro Koneda: He then changed his name to this. - Keijiro Nagano: He fought in the Boshin War and became a wanted man by the new Meiji government, so after the Meiji era he took the surname of his distant ancestor (the Nagano clan) and used this name. ◇ In the "Diary of Kozukenosuke Oguri", he visited the Oguri family in Surugadai (of today's Tokyo) several times under the name of "Keijiro Koneda". 　 ◇ His brother Jutaro, who is on the left in the photo of "Samurai Beer" below, was killed in the Boshin War in Mibu-machi town near today's Utsunomiya city of Tochigi Prefecture on April 24, 1871.
トミーの異文化体験は幼年時代から 斧次郎少年は小さい時から義理の叔父立石得十郎（オランダ通詞）に連れられて外国人と接触していたと思われる。 Tommy's Cross-Cultural Experience Began in His Childhood It is likely that Onojiro was brought into contact with foreigners by his uncle-in-law Tokujuro Tateishi (a Dutch interpreter) from a young age.
左は斧次郎少年であろう　名村五八郎の右手は 斧次郎少年の肩に置かれている （Namura, the third interpreter, in Yokohama） The boy on the left is probably Onojiro.		▲ペリー横浜に上陸の絵(W.Heine画） 画面まん中の大人と子供の二人連れは… A painting of Perry's landing in Yokohama by W. Heine. The two people in the middle of the screen, an adult and a child, are.... たぶん▲斧次郎と得十郎でしょう 叔父得十郎はしっかり斧次郎の手を握って、緊張していることがわかる（１８５４年） ... probably Onojiro and Tokujuro. Uncle Tokujuro is firmly holding Onojiro's hand, indicating that he is nervous. (1854)
▲ペリーのお土産披露の絵（横浜） 大きな鎌に手を触れている少年も斧次郎であろう （１８５４年） （フランクレスリーイラスト新聞：東善寺蔵） Painting of Matthew Calbraith Perry's souvenir presentation (Yokohama) The boy with his hand on the large sickle is probably also Onojiro. (1854) (Frank Leslie Illustrated Newspaper: Collection of Tozenji Temple)		▲ワシントンで女性に囲まれる 　トミーがアメリカ人の間に混じって堂々とふるまえたのは、幼時からの異文化交流の経験があったからと思われる （１８６０年） （フランクレスリーイラスト新聞：東善寺蔵） Tommy (Onojiro) Surrounded by women in Washington 　It is thought that Tommy's ability to act with dignity among Americans was due to this experience of cross-cultural exchange from an early age. (1860) (Frank Leslie Illustrated Newspaper: Collection of Tozenji Temple)
ペリーの音楽隊　　（瓦版・東善寺蔵） 先頭の旗に「舳漏理」（ヘロリ）とある。（もちろんこんな旗は立てていなかった） 上段の文字は英語―日本語の対訳表だが、英語の部分はほとんど不明。 Perry's band of musicians (kawara-ban printing, owned by Tozenji) The flag at the head of the group says "HELLORI". (In fact, they didn't have such a flag.) The text in the upper row is a bilingual table of English and Japanese, but the English part is mostly unknown.
ペリーの上陸は第1回目（九里浜）、2回目（横浜）とも音楽隊が先導した。 日本人は聞き慣れない音楽のメロディーとリズムに戸惑い、統率のとれた行進に圧倒された。 まだ米国国歌はなかったから「ヘイルコロンビア」や「ヤンキードウードル」のほか 当時活躍しはじめたフォスターの「草競馬」「バンジョーを鳴らせ」「故郷の人々（スワニ―河）」 「金髪のジェニー」などが演奏されたらしい。 その様子を瓦版にしてしまう日本人も、好奇心が強いというか、江戸の庶民文化が生み出した余裕であろう Perry's landing was led by a band of musicians both on the first landing (Kurihama) and the second landing (Yokohama). The Japanese were bewildered by the unfamiliar melody and rhythm of the music and overwhelmed by the well-coordinated march. There was no U.S. national anthem yet, so they played "Hail Columbia" and "Yankee Doodle." Also played were Foster's "Gwine to Run All Night," "Ring, ring de Banjoo," "Old Folks at Home (Suwanee River)," and "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair," all of which were beginning to be popular in the U.S. at the time. The Japanese people who made Kawara-ban printing of the scene must have had a strong sense of curiosity, which was probably afforded by the culture of the common people of Edo.
サムライビール （トミービール） Samurai Beer (Tommy Beer)
サムライがうれしそうにビールを注ぎあっている、珍しい写真があります。▲ 　　（小花和平一郎氏蔵） 　左が小花和重太郎・右は弟でトミーと呼ばれた米田（もと立石）斧次郎です。 　 　将軍慶喜は慶応３年１２月１６日（１８６８年１月１０日）に大阪城へ英米仏など六カ国の公使を招いて会談し、これまで幕府との間に結んだ条約等は履行する義務を負うことを通告し、こんごの日本の内政について不干渉を申し入れた。 　この写真は、わきに刀と陣笠が置かれ、肩から礼装の帯が下がっているところから考えると、トミーがこの時慶喜の通訳として大坂へ出かけ、仕事が終わって兄貴とやれやれ一杯、というくつろぎを写真屋で演出したものと思われます。 　写真が桐の枠におさめられているので日本人の写真師（下岡蓮杖か？）が撮影したものかもしれません。 　写真が珍しい時代、正面を向いてきちんと撮影してもらうのが普通の時代に、かくもリラックスして撮影させたスナップ写真は、それだけでも珍しいもの。アメリカなどで写真馴れしていたトミーの面目躍如です。 　このほどこのなんとも楽しそうな写真をラベルにした「サムライビール（トミービール）」が発売となりました。横浜ビール醸造のほんのりと甘みとコクのある地ビールで、ソフトな口当たりが上品です。 There is a rare photo of samurais happily pouring beer into each other's hands. (Collection of Mr. Heiichiro Kobanawa) 　On the left is Jutaro Kobanawa. 　On the right is his younger brother, Onojiro Komeda (formerly Tateishi), who was called Tommy in the U.S. 　 On January 10, 1868 (December 16 of Keio 3 in Japanese calender), Shogun Yoshinobu invited the ministers of six countries, including Britain, the U.S., and France, to Osaka Castle to meet with him. He informed them that they were obligated to fulfill the treaties they had made with the Shogunate, and offered not to interfere in Japan's internal affairs in the future. In this photo, a sword and a jinkasa (a shade worn by low-ranking soldiers on the battlefield) are placed at his side, and a ceremonial sash is hanging from his shoulders, suggesting that Tommy went to Osaka as an interpreter for Yoshinobu at this time, and was relaxing with his brother after work. The photo is in a paulownia frame, so it may have been taken by a Japanese photographer (Renjo Shimooka?). At a time when photographs were rare and people usually had to face the front to be photographed properly, it is rare to see snapshots taken in such a relaxed manner. This is a great example of Tommy's familiarity with photography in the US and other countries. Recently, "Samurai Beer (Tommy Beer)" was released with this fun photo on the label. It is a slightly sweet and full-flavored local beer brewed by Yokohama Beer Brewery with a soft and elegant taste. ▼ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　▼
正式名称はサムライビール 製造元は横浜ビール、発売は横浜高島屋と港南台高島屋で地域限定販売です。 小ビン　330ml 2008平成20年11月発売 The official name is Samurai Beer. It is produced by Yokohama Beer and sold only in Yokohama Takashimaya and Konandai Takashimaya. Small bottle 330ml Released in November 2008 ▲		▲ 横浜高島屋から小栗公墓前へと贈っていただきましたので、胸像前に供えて、ハイパチリ！ 小栗公も「オゝ、斧次郎君！よかったねえ」と喜んでくれているようです。 ◇小栗公も権田村へ移住してビールを飲んでいました。 Yokohama Takashimaya donated this beer to the gravesite of Tadamasa Oguri, so we placed it in front of his bust and snapped a few photos. Oguri looks as if he is saying, "Oh, Onojiro! I'm very happy for you," with a smile. ◇Oguri also drank beer in Gonda Village after he moved there.
もう二つの　トミーポルカ　新発見！ 　　　　　　　　　　Two More Tommy Polkas Discovered!
【フィラデルフィア発】　アメリカの小栗上野介研究者・マルケット大学准教授マイケルワートさんからの報告で、トミーの人気ぶりを示す楽譜二つ「Japanese Galop」と「True　Bｌue」が見つかったとのことです。とりあえず、その楽譜の表紙の画像をご紹介します。 下部に「立石斧次郎」のサインが入っています。 2011・平成23年2月 [Information from Philadelphia] Mr. Michael Wert, an American researcher on Kozukenosuke Oguri and an associate professor at Marquette University, has reported that he has found two pieces of music, "Japanese Galop" and "True Blue," which show Tommy's popularity. For now, here is an image of the cover of the sheet music. It is signed at the bottom by "Onojiro Tateishi." February, 2011 ＊この表紙には「ジャパニーズ　GALLOP」とありますが、楽譜のタイトルは「ジャパニーズ　GALOP」で こちらが正しいと思われます。アメリカ人もスペルを間違える？ ちなみに「Ｇａｌｏｐ」とは1800年代に流行した音楽の一種。 「Gallop」は馬が四脚を上げて全速で駆ける様子ですから、テンポの速い曲です。 The title on the cover is "Japanese GALLOP," but the title of the sheet music is "Japanese GALOP." Galop is probably correct. By the way, "Galop" is a type of music that was popular in the 1800s. It's a fast-paced song, because "gallop" is the sound of a horse running at full speed with all four legs raised.
2012平成24年4月22日　　サールナートホール 静岡でトミーポルカを演奏 April 22, 2012 at Sarnath Hall, Shizuoka city, Shizuoka prefecture Playing Tommy Polka in Shizuoka
「トミーポルカと幕末〜大正のころのアメリカ音楽」コンサート 出演：青木研とディキシーランドクラッカージャズ＆原さとし Concert: "Tommy Polka and American Music from the End of the Edo Period to the Taisho Period" Featuring: Ken Aoki, Dixieland Cracker Jazz & Satoshi Hara
石川たか子さん（シズオカ文化クラブ） 「立石斧次郎と静岡」について語る。トミーの遠縁に当たるので、祖母の思い出につながるトミーの話 Ms. Takako Ishikawa (Shizuoka Culture Club) She talked about "Onojiro Tateishi and Shizuoka" and Tommy's story, which is connected to his grandmother's memories as she is a distant relative of Tommy.	長野和郎さん（トミーの子孫） トミーは明治以後名前を遠祖の長野姓に変えている。 Mr. Kazuo Nagano (Tommy's descendant) Tommy changed his name to his distant ancestor's surname Nagano after the Meiji era.	村上泰賢 「小栗上野介とトミー」について、ポウハタン号で渡米したこと、遣米使節一行に随行したトミーのこと、帰国後の小栗上野介の業績を合わせて5分くらいで語る。……忙しかった。 Taiken Murakami In about five minutes, I busily talked about "Kozukenosuke Oguri and Tommy," including their trip to the U.S. on the Powhatan, Tommy's accompanying the delegation to the U.S., and Kozukenosuke Oguri's accomplishments after returning to Japan.
軽快なバンジョーの生演奏 「トミーポルカ」のほかに、近年発見されたトミーにかかわる「ジャパニーズ・ギャロップ」「トゥルーブルーポルカ」も演奏 Light live banjo music In addition to "Tommy Polka," the recently discovered "Japanese Galop" and "True Blue Polka" related to Tommy were also performed.	青木研（左）・原さとし（右） 幕末期のアメリカ音楽についてたのしいトーク Ken Aoki (left) and Satoshi Hara (right) A fun talk on American music of the late Edo period.	会場内を演奏して行進するサービスもたのしい The service of marching around the auditorium playing music was also fun.
駿府城公園　城跡は広い公園となり、市民の憩いの場所として親しまれていることがわかる。演奏を聴いた後急いで岡崎市筒針町での講演に駆けつけた。 Sunpu Castle Park The ruins of the castle have been turned into a large park, and it is a popular place for citizens to relax. After listening to the performance, I hurried off to give a lecture in Tsutsubari-cho, Okazaki City.

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■世界一周の旅…世界一周をした最初の日本人 ■遣米使節の行程：日本人初の世界一周の行程表 ■遣米使節の旅コースを訪ねる：フィラデルフィア編 US cities the Japanese delegation visited in 1860: Philadelphia ■遣米使節の旅コースを訪ねる：ワシントン編：海軍造船所の正門はまだ存在していた ■遣米使節の旅コースを訪ねる・ニューヨーク編：ブロウドウェイを途中から迂回して ■リーフレット『遣米使節三船』：教科書から咸臨丸を外すために ■Bridge of Hope （English　＆　Japanese) … 小栗上野介の業績を紹介するＪＥＷＬ発行の書籍 ＪＥＷＬ（Japanese Executive Women's League） in Los Angeles introduces the achievements of Kozukenosuke Tadamasa Oguri in the book they published. ■大統領の記念メダル：使節と従者全員に金・銀・銅のメダルが贈られた ■小栗忠順の通貨交渉：フィラデルフィアで「ノー」といって進めさせた通貨実験は ■世界一周をした名主・佐藤藤七：権田村名主が従者として世界一周 ■玉蟲左太夫：仙台藩士の見た世界は新鮮だった ■遣米使節小栗の従者：小栗忠順の従者９名 ■遣米使節従者・三好権三…島根の人だった ■遣米使節の業績・・・１本のネジくぎを持ち帰った小栗 ■遣米使節三船…ポウハタン号で渡米。咸臨丸ではない ■遣米使節とアメリカの酪農…初めてアイスクリームを食べた日本人 ■日の丸を国旗に決めた遣米使節…船印だった日の丸を国印に決めた ■大統領の記念メダル：使節と従者全員に金・銀・銅のメダルが贈られた ■｢ポウハタン号の町・伊豆下田｣ ■帆船模型作家・岡崎英幸さんに感謝状…おかげで「遣米使節3船」がそろいました ◆兄重太郎は日光付近の戦いで戦死・墓はここ ■遣米使節一行一覧表（リンク） ■『航米記』従者・木村鉄太の世界一周記 ■本：遣米使節　「小栗忠順従者の記録」 ■小栗公が飲んだビールの瓶・・・ビエール・ド・ギャルドか 咸臨丸 ■「木村摂津守喜毅は副使」「副使が乗る船が咸臨丸」という説の誤り…近年広まった副使説、根源はどこか ■「咸臨丸病」の日本人：何でも勝海舟を出さないと気がすまない症候群 ■ブルック大尉：：咸臨丸が沈まなかったのはブルックとジョン万次郎のおかげ ■「咸臨丸病」の日本人：何でも勝海舟を出さないと気がすまない症候群 ■修身教科書が作った咸臨丸神話・・・国定教科書が教えた虚構	■ Journey Around the World: The mission to the United States and the first Japanese to travel around the world, not taught in schools started by the Meiji government. They were the first Japanese to go around the world with a purpose. ■ Itinerary of the Japanese Mission to the United States: The Itinerary of the first Japanese to go around the world ■ Visiting the course of the mission to the U.S. (Philadelphiai): Kozukenosuke Oguri insisted on an experiment to analyze U.S. and Japanese gold coins by full volume analysis. ■ Visiting the course of the mission to the U.S. (Washington DC): The main gate of the naval shipyard still existed. ■ Visiting the course of the mission to the U.S. (New York): They bypassed the Broadway to continue the parade on the way to the hotel. ■ Leaflet in Japanese and English, "Three ships that carried the mission to the U.S. and around the world": We have made the leaflet to advocate removing the Kanrin Maru from school textbooks. ■ Bridge of Hope (English　＆　Japanese) ... JEWL (Japanese Executive Women's League) in Los Angeles praises the achievements of Kozukenosuke Tadamasa Oguri in the book they have published. ■ President's medals: Gold, silver, and bronze medals were presented to the envoys and all the followers. ■ Tadamasa Oguri's Currency Negotiations: The currency experiments that made Oguri say "No" in Philadelphia. ■ Toshichi Sato, a village master who traveled around the world: Gonda village master traveled around the world as a follower of Kozukenosuke Tadamasa Oguri ■ Sadayu Tamamushi: The world that a Sendai clan samurai saw was fresh. ■ Oguri's Followers on the Mission to America: Nine Followers of Tadamasa Oguri ■ Miyoshi Gonzo, a follower of Tadamasa Oguri in the mission to the U.S.: He was from Shimane prefecture. ■ Achievements of the Japanese mission to the U.S.: Oguri brought back a screw nail. ■ Three ships for the Japanese mission to the U.S.: The USS Powhatan brought the mission to the U.S. by crossing the Pacific ocean and the Kanrin Maru was not used for the mission. ■ Mission to the U.S. and American Dairy Farming: The first Japanese to eat ice cream ■ The Japanese envoys to the U.S. decided to use the Hinomaru as the national flag: They chose the Hinomaru as the national flag of Japan, which was originally a ship's seal. ■ Izu Shimoda, the town of the USS Powhatan ■ A letter of thanks to Mr. Hideyuki Okazaki, a model sailing ship artist: Thanks to him, we have three ships of the mission to the U.S. ■ List of the Japanese Envoys to the United States in 1860 (Link) ■ “Kobeiki (Records of visiting the U.S.)” by Tetsuta Kimura, a follower of Tadamasa Oguri ■ Book titled “The Records of Tadamasa Oguri’s Follower” by Taiken Murakami regarding the delegation to the U.S. in 1860 ■ The bottle of beer that Lord Oguri drank... Biere de Garde? <Regarding Kanrin Maru> ■There have been false theories recently that "Settsunokami Yoshitake Kimura was a deputy envoy" and that "the ship on which the deputy envoy boarded was the Kanrin Maru." Where are the roots of them? ■ Japanese people with the "Kanrin Maru disease": A syndrome that they feel uncomfortable unless they mention the Kanrin Maru and Kaishu Katsu in every occasion ■ Captain Brooke: The Kanrin Maru did not sink thanks to Brooke and John Manjiro. ■ The Kanrin Maru myth created by Shushin textbooks: The "story" of the Kanrin Maru was taught in the national textbook "Shushin" from 1918 to 1945, and it still confuses Japanese people.
リンク ・トミーのページ「HOWDY TOMMY」・・・曽孫が紹介するトミー	■ Tommy's page "「HOWDY TOMMY」" ... Tommy introduced by his great-grandson